MSc in mathematics: Topics in Ring Theory (Spring 2024) – lectures

Short content of the lectures


Lecture #1 (Febr. 13.) 1. Derived functors. Category of complexes, homologies of complexes. The n-th homology as a functor. Chain homotopy, homotopically equivalent chain complexes. The homotopy category of complexes. Extension of additive functors on module categories for the category of complexes and the homotopy category. Short exact sequence of complexes and long exact sequence of homologies. Corollary: the snake lemma and the 3 × 3 lemma.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 1


Lecture #2 (Febr. 20.) Lifting of mappings to projective resolution; projective resolution as a functor from the module category to the homotopy category. Deived functors of additive fnctors. Exactnes of the projective resolution functor ("Horseshoe lemma"). Long exact sequence of derived functors. Axiomatic characterization of derived functors.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 2


Lecture #3 (Febr. 27.) 2. The functors Ext and Tor. Extension of modules and the Ext functor. The Yoneda product. The right dervied functors of the covariant and of the contravariant Hom functors coincide. Definition of the functors Extn(-,-). The Torn(-,-) functors, as the left derived functors of the tensor functor. Extension of modules as equivalence classes of short exact sequences. The action of morphisms on equivalence classes: the Ex functor. Baer sum. Abelian group structure on the set of equivalence classes of extensions. Non-split short exact sequences as obstructions to lifting (or extending) morphisms.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 3


Lecture #4. (March 5.) The isomorphism of Ex and Ext1, the meaning of connecting homomorphism . Equivalence classes of long exact sequences, Yoneda product of long extensions. Eqivalence of Exn and Extn. Extension algebras, Koszul duality (only mentioned).

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 4


Lecture #5. (March 12.) 3. Homological dimensions. Projective and injective dimension of modules, characterization in terms of projective resolutions and the values of the Ext functors. Estimates for the projective dimensions of members of a short exact sequence. Global dimension of rings. Auslander's theorem: the global dimension is the supremum of the projective dimensions of yclic modules. For Artinian rings it is enough to compute the projective dimension of simple modules. Examples. A finite dimensional path algebra is hereditary, i.e. its global dimension is at most 1. Finitistic dimension of algebras, the conjecture (FDC) on the finiteness of the finitistic dimension of finite dimensional algebras. Validity of the FDC for some special classes of algebras.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 5


Lecture #6. (March 19.) Global dimension and ring constructions. "Change of rings" type theorems. Hilbert's syzygy theorem.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 6


Lecture #7 (March 26.) Auslander's theorem: if A is a finite dimensional algebra over a field then there exists a finite dimensional algebra B and an idempotent element e in B so that (i) A=eBe and (ii) B is of finite global dimension. Thus i is the endomorphism ring of a cyclic projective B-module. The global dimension of Bis bounded from above by the nilpotency index of the radical of A.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 7


Lecture #8 (April 9.) 4. Path alegbra and the graph (quiver) of an elgebra. Gabriel's theorem. Reminder> basic properties of path algebras and quotients modulo admissible ideals. Connected path algebras, the idempotents corrseponding to vertices are primitive idempotents. The Gabriel graph of an algebra. Gabriel's theorem: any finite dimensional basic algebra over an algebraically closed field is isomorphic to a path algebra modulo some admissible ideal. Examples: the endomorphism ring of the module in the Auslander construction from last time.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 8


Lecture #9 (April 16.) 5. Auslander–Reiten theory: almost split sequences and irreducible morphisms. (The whole theory is developed over finite dimensional algebras.) Left and right minimal, left and right almost split morphisms. The uniqueness of a left minimal left almost split sequence starting from a module. The starting module of a left almost split sequence is directly indecomposable. Irreducible morphisms. An irreducible morphism is either a monomorphsim or an epimorphism but it is never an isomorphism. The embedding of the radical of an indecomposable projective module into the projective module is right almost split and irerducible. Irreducible morphisms and the radical of the module category. Charecterization of irreducible monomorphisms and irreducible epimorphisms. The cokernel of an irreducible morphism is directly indecomposable.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 9


Lecture #10 (April 23.) Characterization of non-split monomorphisms startng from an indecomposable module. Irreducible morphisms starting from a module L are precisely those which are components of a left minimal left almost split morphism starting from L. Definition of almost split (or Auslander–Reiten, AR) sequences and characterizations.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 10


Lecture #11 (April 30) Construction of almost split sequences. The transpose of a module, basic properties. The stable module category. The Auslander–Reiten formulas (without proof). The existence of almost split sequences; the case of projective and of injective modules. The Auslander–graph of an algebra.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 11


Lecture #12 (May 7.) 6. The Brauer–Thrall conjectures. A few words about representation finite algebras. Basic properties of the Auslander–Reiten graph. Short history of the Brauerr–Thrall conjectures. Long sequences of irreducible morphisms. The Harad–Sai lemma. The proof of Auslander for the first Brauer–Thrall conjecture.

Handwritten course notes in Hungarian for Lecture 12


Course notes (in preparation - containing the first five lectures)